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There are multiple structures in Windows that contain fixed sized arrays. The instance I came across recently was the KERB_QUERY_TKT_CACHE_RESPONSE struct, which looks like this: typedef struct _KERB_QUERY_TKT_CACHE_RESPONSE { KERB_PROTOCOL_MESSAGE_TYPE MessageType; ULONG CountOfTickets; KERB_TICKET_CACHE_INFO Tickets[ANYSIZE_ARRAY]
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C# is a popular language in both the commercial space (think ASP.NET Core, MVC, Blazor, WPF, MAUI, etc) and the infosec space. The most well known offensive C# tools are probably those in GhostPack (Rubeus, Seatbelt, Certify, SharpUp, etc). A lot of offensive tools that target Windows use interop
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Melkor is a C# POC written by FuzzySec to simulate a TTP employed by InvisiMole. The concept is that post-ex assemblies are loaded into a payload/implant and kept encrypted using DPAPI whilst at rest. They are decrypted on demand and executed in a separate AppDomain. The AppDomain is unloaded
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Introduction C# Source Generators made their first appearance around the release of .NET 5 and now ship as part of the .NET Compiler Platform (“Roslyn”) SDK. They allow developers to inspect user code as it is being compiled and even create new C# source files on the fly and add
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tl;dr Since .NET Core 3, the dotnet runtime has provided a low-level hook that allows injecting managed code that will run before an application’s entry point. This hook makes it possible to effectively backdoor any .NET application on a host (Windows, Linux, and macOS). You may ask why
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This post was inspired by a question posted by kevin in my Discord server, about how token impersonation can be applied to threads in C#. Before delving into that particular facet, let’s do a quick recap of token impersonation as a whole. What is Token Impersonation? This is a
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Many Active Directory enumeration and post-exploitation tools need to figure out which domain they’re in or which domain they need to target. For convenience, PowerShell and C# tools can use the .NET Domain class from the System.DirectoryService.ActiveDirectory namespace. This class has several methods that can return a
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Some time ago, I tweeted a teaser about implementing a SOCKS4 proxy in .NET. This post will finally provide a basic run-down of how I implemented it. There are some short-comings, which I’ll try and callout as they come up. We start off by creating a class that will
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In Command & Control (C2) parlance, there are two main types of implant: egress and (peer-to-peer) P2P. An egress implant will talk directly to attacker-controlled infrastructure over a protocol such as HTTP. A P2P implant does not talk directly to an attacker, but has their communications (SMB, TCP, or whatever)
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In the previous blog post, we looked at how to enumerate and duplicate open process handles in C#. The use case that was outlined involved stealing a handle to LSASS, as this is potentially more OPSEC safe (from AV and EDRs) than obtaining a handle directly. This post will demonstrate
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Introduction Applications can open and maintain handles to Windows objects such as access tokens, processes, threads, files, named pipes and more. As a local admin (or with SeDebug privs), it’s possible to enumerate open handles across the entire OS and duplicate them for our own use. This is particularly
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Placing backdoors in legitimate applications is a good way to achieve persistence, data exfiltration, and if circumstances allow, privilege escalation. Backdooring .NET assemblies is surprisingly easy using an editor such as dnSpy. This post will run through a simplistic scenario where we backdoor a DLL used by a Blazor Server